As MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network) applications are deployed, security emerges as a central requirement. We introduce the wormhole attack, an excessive attack in ad hoc networks that is in particular tough to guard against. The wormhole assault is possible despite the fact that the intruder has not damage any hosts or even if all communiqué gives authenticity and confidentiality. In the wormhole assault, intruder statistics packets (bits) at one location within the community, tunnels them (possibly selectively) to any other region, and retransmits them there into the network. The wormhole assault can form a serious hazard in MANET, mainly against many Mobile Ad-hoc Network routing protocols and region primarily based security structures. For example, most existing MANET routing protocols, without some mechanism to defend against the wormhole attack, would be unable to find routes longer than one or two hops, severely interrupt communication. Here is a general mechanism, called packet watchdog, for detecting and protecting against wormhole attacks, and a specific protocol that implements watchdog. In this performance of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) under wormhole attack is analyzed. Multiple QoS parameters had been taken into consideration right here together with throughput, postpone, packet shipping ratio, and node power and node density. The NS3 community simulator has been used and the reference point organization mobility model is taken into consideration to observe the effect of node density and the preliminary power at the throughput.

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With the growing energy demands worldwide and environmental threats posed by use of conventional methods of generating energy which involves burning of coal (thermal power plant), the need arises for use of other sources of energy like biomass. Various energy crisis and technological advancements have influenced the development of gasifiers for different fuels, configurations and applications other than wood and charcoal. This paper reviews the reactions taking in biomass gasification reactor, the different design types available, optimization of various parameters affecting efficiency along with different types of materials which could possibly be used as biomass. Both experimental and numerical methods of testing like CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) are also studied in this paper.

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Mobile IP is a new internet protocol as compared to the already existing networking protocols used for embracing the connectivity and communication. Mobile computing devices have taken over from the yester years and the hosts (users) demanding connectivity is not stationary as well. There was no such protocol before Mobile IP which would deal with the issues like these. Mobile IP serves the need of the population to connect to the internet and have a uniform connection irrespective of lactation. This paper deals with the background, operation mechanisms, issues along with some of their solutions, advantages of Mobile IP which over weights the disadvantages and finally the conclusion pertaining to the Mobile IP.

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Design of pressure vessel depends on its pressure and temperature. When pressure and temperature get changed every pressure vessel is new. In pressure vessel design safety is the main consideration. The structural integrity of mechanical components of pressure vessel requires a fatigue analysis including thermal and stress analysis. Pressure vessel parameter are designed and checked according to ASME (American society of mechanical engineering) sec. viii Div.1.Fatigue analysis improve the life of pressure vessel. Pv Elite helps engineer to comply their design and calculation strictly as per code. According to ASME SEC VIII. DIV-1 Analysis of pressure vessel is carried out at different pressure and temperature conditions. Pressure vessel with different end domes (torispherical and hemispherical), subjected to internal pressure have been designed for a volume of 1000 litres which will be useful for space application. Non-linear axisymmetric FEA considering both geometric and material non-linearity have been performed in ANSYS software to estimate the stress in dome and cylindrical shell of pressure vessel. Based on the analysis, optimum thickness which meets the strength requirement of the material is arrived at. High pressure rise is developed in the pressure vessel and pressure vessel must withstand severe forces. In the design of pressure vessel safety is the primary consideration, due the potential impact of possible accident.

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Reinforced concrete slabs are one of the most common components in modern building construction. Efforts are being continued from past decades to reduce the dead weight and to improve the performance of the slab. Bubble deck slab system are a new and innovative type of structural concrete slab system developed to allow for lighter self-weight of the structure while maintaining similar load carrying capacity of a solid slab. In these slabs shear and punching shear resistance of the BubbleDeck floor is significantly less than a solid deck since resistance is directly related to the depth of concrete. In this work efforts are made to understand the load deflection behaviour of bubble deck in compersion with the conventional slab system. Quantity estimation results showned that there was a considerable reduction in the weight of concrete in case of bubble deck slab. A scaled down models are tested under nine point loading system to determine the load and deflection behaviour of both the slabs. Test results have proven that the bubble deck slab system is more efficient in carrrying more load and undergo more deflection compared to conventional rcc slab system.

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To lessen the dependence of energy generation using coal or fossil fuels, biomass gasification reactor could play a significant role fulfilling the increased energy demand worldwide. This research investigates the horizontal biomass gasifier using ANSYS CFX software. The CAD model of biomass gasification reactor is developed in Creo 2.0. The numerical method used for analysis is Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The CFD analysis is conducted using different turbulent models namely k-epsilon, RNG k-epsilon and k-omega. The temperature plot and static enthalpy are generated from CFD simulation.

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The oil industry in India is over 100 years old. Variety of practices has been in vogue because of collaboration / association with different foreign companies and governments. Standardization in design philosophies & operating and maintenance practices at a national level was hardly in existence. This coupled with feedback from some serious accidents that occurred in the recent past in India and abroad, emphasized the need for the industry to review the existing state of art in designing, operating and maintaining oil and gas installations. With this in view, Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) was established in 1986 staffed from within the industry for formulating and implementing a series of self-regulatory measures aimed at removing obsolescence, standardizing and upgrading the existing standards to ensure safer operations. The present document on Fire Protection Facilities for Petroleum Refineries & Oil/Gas processing plants is basically the modernizing phenomena implemented in Reliance refinery of the country. Attempts have been made to incorporate the latest technological changes, experience gained in its implementation during last 4-5 years and relevant changes in the light of various national and international codes and practices. It is hoped that the provision of this document, if implemented objectively will go a long way in improving the safety in the oil & gas industry.

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Today, the development of infrastructure, industry and housing is necessary. Without concrete, the built environment would fail to accommodate our modern and demanding lifestyles. Given our reliance on concrete, it will inevitably play a major role to pursue sustainable development in any country. At its most basic, concrete is a mixture of aggregates, cement, sand and water. With appropriate mix design, concrete can be tailored for any construction requirement. Understanding the role of aggregates in concrete is fundamental to the production of good concrete as aggregates have their greatest influence on the performance of fresh concrete. Study all of constitutes in concrete mixtures, including aggregates, in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the behaviour of the final product. As a result of such considerations, it is clear that the role of aggregates is crucial to ensure satisfactory performance of mixtures since they govern the volumetric stability of concrete. In addition, aggregates have an important effect on concrete strength by providing rigidity to the material which governs resistance to applied loads and undesired deformations. The aim of the study is to assess the effect of use of fly ash in concrete as compare to cement concrete elements in marine condition of. - To compare the compressive strength of concrete by replacing 100% percentage of cement by fly ash with conventional concrete at constant molarity , as well as to study, the effect of varying curing time period under normal condition.

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In this modern era, most of the buildings all the world are made up of RCC. The increasing incidents of fire in buildings have increased the importance of assessment; repairs and rehabilitation of such buildings as these buildings are very costly. This field needs special expertise in many areas viz. concrete technology, structural engineering, material testing, and repairs and maintenance etc. A continuous effort through research and development programmes all over the world is being made in this specialized field. This topic gives us immense pleasure as we deal with the real life problems in this research. In this research, we gain the knowledge which is being used as a strategy for the rehabilitation of fire damaged buildings and by conducting proper assessment procedures by non-destructive techniques. It is known that most of the fire damaged RCC are restorable. The mechanical properties of all common building materials decrease with the elevation of temperature. The behavior of a RCC in fire conditions is governed by properties of constituent materials, concrete and steel at high temperature. Both concrete and steel undergo considerable change in their strength, physical properties, and stiffness by the effects of heating. It is also seen that above 900°C some of these changes are not recoverable after subsequent cooling.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze metal extrusion process. The main objective behind this paper is to study the material behavior, predict and eliminate the defect in the product. A combination of Solid Edge V19 and AFDEX_V16 simulation software is used to achieve the goal. The present study deals with die design and process parameters to bring in optimization.

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Nowadays most of the buildings are dissimilar in shape, both in plan and elevation. When it is exposed to severe earthquakes it may lead to destruction of the building. Based on the survey of past earthquake data it is seen that most of the buildings with irregular shape collapsed due to uneven distribution of load compared to buildings with regular shape. Also, these buildings are not designed by considering the earthquake loads which is why they are easily vulnerable to collapse. In recent days earthquake loads should be considered as mandatory in the region of earthquake prone areas. Several technologies are also introduced to reduce the seismic activity on buildings, bridges etc. Base isolation is one of the new and modern technologies of this kind. Base isolation (BI) is a method that is applied around the world to safeguard the structures from the disaster effects of earthquake. The establishment of isolator in substructure considerably decreases the mode period of building, it minimizes the prospect of vibration giving rise to quality seismic performance of the building. The study was carried out to compare the performance (effectiveness) of base isolation in multistoreyed RC frame plan irregular and vertical irregular building. A RCC building of 13 (G+12) floors with plan irregularity & vertical irregularity, & different base conditions, like, fixed and isolated base of dimension 40 m x 45 m has been taken for seismic analysis. Base isolation effectiveness using LRB (lead rubber bearing) has been studied by THA (time history analysis) method taking Bhuj earthquake data. Four models have been considered for analysis and the obtained results such as torsional behaviour, storey shear, displacement, storey drift have been compared between buildings with fixed base and buildings with base isolation.

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Heavy metal pollution is a major problem in the environment. The impact of toxic metal ions can be reduced by different technologies i.e. chemical precipitation, membrane filtration, oxidation, reverse osmosis, flotation and adsorption. But among them, adsorption was found to be very efficient and common due to the low concentration of metal uptake and economically convenient properties. Cellulosic materials are of low cost and widely used, and very promising for the future. These are available in abundant quantity, are cheap and have low or little economic value. Different forms of cellulosic materials are used as adsorbents such as fibres, leaves, roots, shells, barks, husks, stems and seed as well as other parts also. Natural and modified types of cellulosic materials are used in different metal detoxifications in water and wastewater. The elemental properties of cellulosic materials are also discussed along with their cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin contents.

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In the previous decade, technological developments increased tremendously in the area of mobile technology. Although smartphones have changed our lifestyle by bringing convenience and some positive alterations, its negative impact adversely affects most of the users in many ways. The harsh effect of too much internet and smartphone usage has been in talks for years now. And with the smart phones commanding more and more of your attention as many years keeps passing and recent studies have showed that using the smart phone could harm your mental health especially of teenagers such as depression. As a solution of such problems, Google introduced Digital Wellbeing, an initiative to help people disconnect and reduce their smartphone usage. Google has provided a stand-alone application for Digital Wellbeing as sell as many other features and tools on most of its applications to support the idea.

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In this paper proposes adaptive power system (APS), it is wont to mitigate the negative impacts levied on the platforms ensuing from giant dynamic loads. Here we tend to square measure exploitation dc motor as a result of it is many benefits. Such as, Speed management over a large vary each higher than and below the rated speed High beginning torsion, correct steep less speed with constant torsion etc. A DC motor is any of a category of electrical machines that converts electricity power into mechanical power. Several of those new systems can have extreme dynamic power profiles, together with each periodic and a periodic characteristics. By exploitation the simulation results we will analyze the planned technique. In this paper armature voltage control fuzzy logic control technique for DC motor is proposed. In that case based on motor speed error is input for fuzzy controller and based on error required armature voltage supply to the dc motor. The system model is simulating in MATLAB simulink and results are comparing with conventional PID controller based armature voltage controlling technique on same motor.

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The construction industry plays a vital role in the economy. The construction industry is complex in its nature because it comprises large numbers of parties as owners (clients), contractors, consultants, stakeholders, and regulators. Despite this complexity, the industry plays a major role in the development and achievement of society’s goals. The need for achieving quality of the finished product in the building constructions is very important. Quality is an essential element for sustainability and customer satisfaction. Quality in its simplest form can be defined as ‘meeting the customer expectations’, or ‘compliance with customer specification’. No matter what definition we follow for quality, it becomes very complex when we try to put it into actual practice. This study is intended to provide clients, project managers, designers, and contractors with necessary information needed to better manage the quality of a construction building projects by identifying the factors that affect process quality of construction projects and to rank them by degree of importance.

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A well-developed transportation infrastructure is essential for economic, industrial, social and cultural development of a country. Due to this need, human being has developed three modes of transport, i.e., by land, by water and by air. The road network has expanded from 4 lakh km in 1947 to 20 lakh km in 1993 and almost 55 lakh kms as on 31 March, 2015. India has less than 3.8 kms of road per 1000 people; including all its paved and unpaved roads. In terms of quality, all season, four or more lane highways; India has less than 0.07 kms of highway per 1000 people as of 2010. Inadequate maintenance of roads accounts to an act of disinvestment and sacrifice of past investment in roads. Roads have been receiving decreasing share of total Five Year Plan expenditure (decreasing from 6.7% in first plan to 3% in second plan). The Vehicle Operating Cost increases at a rapid rate as the condition of existing pavements starts deteriorating. The loss due to bad conditions of the main road network would be around Rs.12000 crore per annum. The purpose of the proposed study is to identify the defects in flexible pavements in highway system. For this study some test sections were identified on SH-4,(now upgraded as NH 205-A) in Punjab from Kharar to Landran, District S.A.S Nagar (Mohali). The parameters influencing the performance of flexible pavements will also be identified. For efficient maintenance of road pavements, the deficiencies in our existing highway system need to be clearly understood. All type of distresses/defects needs to be classified with causes and treatment as per different severity level.

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Accompanying the development of mechanical industry, the demand for alloy materials having high hardness, toughness and impact resistance are increasing. However, these materials are difficult to machine by traditional machining methods. Hence, non-traditional machining methods including electrochemical machining, laser beam machining and electrical discharge machining (EDM) are applied. Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is widely accepted non-traditional material removal process used to manufacture components with intricate shapes and profile. It is a specialized thermal machining process capable of accurately machining parts with varying hardness and complex shapes, which have sharp edges that are very difficult to be machined by the main stream machining processes. This principal of the WEDM process is based on the conventional EDM sparking phenomenon utilizing the widely accepted non-contact technique of material removal. However, WEDM utilizes a continuously travelling thin wire electrode made of copper, brass or tungsten of diameter 0.05-0.30 mm, which is capable of achieving very small corner radii. The wire is kept under tension using a mechanical tensioning device, reducing the tendency of producing inaccurate parts. During WEDM process, the material is eroded ahead of the wire and there is no direct contact between the workpiece and the wire. In addition, WEDM process is able to machine exotic and high strength and temperature resistive materials.

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Scheduling the workflow task to the cloud resources is a recognized N-P hard problem. The users involved in a cloud have diverse interests in scheduling problem. In addition to the conventional objectives like makespan, budget, and deadline, optimized in workflow scheduling, taking into consideration the green aspect of cloud, enhance the problem complication. Furthermore, the interests of a clouds users are conflicting, and satisfying all these interests simultaneously is a large problem. In this paper, we proposed a new Genetic algorithm called MOGA for workflow scheduling which provides multiple objectives in a cloud-environment. By comparing with different algorithm the results show that our proposed algorithm has significantly improved not only in terms of budget, deadline, and energy but also improved the utilization of clouds resources as compared to the other algorithms of this work.

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This paper presents the design and flow analysis of mould for producing a plastic spoon. Multi-cavity molds can help to produce the components in mass quantities in a short duration. Mold Design forms the basis of the development work required for producing the desired number of units in a given time frame. The objective of this study is to ensure that the mould flow analysis is done with flow analysis software therefore defects are reduce and mould can be manufactured with ease to obtain an optimized result. Thus our project aims at the awareness of developments of the new age technology of 3D CAD/Mold Wizard for Mold Design.

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Rapid Prototyping is a new term for our society because it is growing and still not reached to everyones hand because of its cost. Being based on material, this technology has its own advantages and disadvantages to the environment as well as on our society. In this paper, we discussed all possible terms which make this technology superior over traditional manufacturing and prototyping methods. We have covered the most available printing processes for getting a more accurate report. Considering the ad- vantages and disadvantages, we can find the impact of 3D printing on our society and environment, which can be improved by further studies on this emerging field of technology.

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Convective heat transfer, often referred to simply as convection, is the transfer of heat from one place to another by the movement of fluids. Convection is usually the dominant form of heat transfer in liquids and gases. Although often discussed as a distinct method of heat transfer, convective heat transfer involves the combined processes of unknown conduction (heat diffusion) and advection (heat transfer by bulk fluid flow). Convection can be "forced" by movement of a fluid by means other than buoyancy forces (for example, a water pump in an automobile engine). Thermal expansion of fluids may also force convection. In other cases, natural buoyancy forces alone are entirely responsible for fluid motion when the fluid is heated, and this process is called "natural convection". An example is the draft in a chimney or around any fire. In natural convection, an increase in temperature produces a reduction in density, which in turn causes fluid motion due to pressures and forces when fluids of different densities are affected by gravity (or any g-force). For example, when water is heated on a stove, hot water from the bottom of the pan rises, displacing the colder denser liquid, which falls. After heating has stopped, mixing and conduction from this natural convection eventually result in a nearly homogeneous density, and even temperature. Without the presence of gravity (or conditions that cause a g-force of any type), natural convection does not occur, and only forced-convection modes operate.

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The Bus and Truck industry is a significant lifeline of the countrys economic activity. Over three million Heavy vehicles traverse the length and breadth of our country, contributing immensely to movement of commodities, expansion of commerce and enhancement of the GDP. An important fact of this industry is its highly diversified character of ownership. About 90 per cent of vehicles are owned and operated by individual operators having 1 to 3 vehicles in their fleet. Also, over 70 per cent of them are owner-drivers directly depending on trucking for livelihood. The SIMPLEX manufacturers have a large role to play to assist this segment by giving design recommendations on interface aspects, wherever necessary, in order to ensure the safety and performance levels of their vehicles after body building and when used on the road. Various aspects related with the design of Bus and Truck with respect to the cab, the load body, requirements for hazardous goods vehicles, containers and their requirements for mounting, handling and securing, requirements for trailers etc. need to be addressed in the right perspective. Here in this thesis the work under Simplex manufacturing was shown by taking whole manufacturing and assembling of chassis for bus and trucks was considered. As known every machine has their own standards which were created or developed according to their need and safety for environment. So here in this report we present all the required standards for manufacturing used in the manufacturing industry for the safety of human and vehicles which shows all the necessary work under the company and also the modified standards according to the safety needs to overcome hazards.

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We consider the problem of classifying documents not by topic, but by overall sentiment, e.g., determining whether a review is positive or negative. Using movie reviews as data, we find that standard ma- chine learning techniques definitively outperform human-produced baselines. How- ever, the three machine learning methods we employed (Naive Bayes, maximum entropy classification, and support vector ma- chines) do not perform as well on sentiment classification as on traditional topic-based categorization. We conclude by examining factors that make the sentiment classification problem more challenging.

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Pile foundations consist of piles that are dug into soil till a layer of stable soil is reached. Pile foundations transfer building load to the bearing ground with the greater bearing capacity. Pile foundations are useful in regions with unstable upper soil that may erode, or for large structures. Pile foundations are often required to resist lateral loading. Lateral loads come from a variety of sources including wind, earthquakes, waves, and ship impacts. The lateral capacity of a pile is usually much smaller than the axial capacity and as a result groups of piles are often installed to increase the lateral capacity of the entire foundation system. When vertical or plumb pile groups do not provide sufficient lateral resistance the piles can be battered in order to mobilize some of the higher axial capacity to resist the lateral load. Piles are relatively long, slender members that transmit foundation loads through soil strata of low bearing capacity to deeper soil or rock strata having a high bearing capacity. They are used when for economic, constructional or soil condition considerations it is desirable to transmit loads to strata beyond the practical reach of shallow foundations. In addition to supporting structures, piles are also used to anchor structures against uplift forces and to assist structures in resisting lateral and overturning forces.

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Floor beam is a structural part of a fuselage which is used as floor space to passengers, cargo and fixed with fuselage skin. Here, the cross beam has taken as I-section and connected with attach bracket methods of joining. The design of aircraft floor beam is conceptual design for the cost and weight reduction, strength improvement and ease of fabrication of fuselage. Increased weight and less stiffness of the existing floor beam made of aluminum is major problem of present floor beam. Hence, CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced plastics) has chosen for the designing of floor beam in the aircraft. After the selection of material and cross section of floor beam, the whole parameters of cross section of floor has studied and designed in UG NX8 software then the model is imported to Ansys 14.5 for the dynamic analysis and life estimation. The expected outcome is to reduce the weight to strength ratio, cost, increase the durability and life cycle of cross beam.

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