The most common structural defect is the existence of a crack. Cracks are present in structures due to various reasons. The presence of a crack could not only cause a local variation in the stiffness but it could affect the mechanical behavior of the entire structure to a considerable extent. Cracks may be caused by fatigue under service conditions as a result of the limited fatigue strength. They may also occur due to mechanical defects. Another group of cracks are initiated during the manufacturing processes. Generally they are small in sizes. Such small cracks are known to propagate due to fluctuating stress conditions. If these propagating cracks remain undetected and reach their critical size, then a sudden structural failure may occur. Hence it is possible to use natural frequency measurements to detect cracks. In this paper we are presenting review of literatures related to our topic.

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A Turbine is a rotary engine that converts the energy from a fluid to useful work. The turbines in general carry parts as a shaft, moving Blades, a stationary (Guide) blades and a casing. Balancing is the most important operation to be carried out for any rotating element (rotor) for its smooth function and long reliable functioning. Any cause of unbalance would cause vibration and stresses in the rotor itself and to its supporting structure. The unbalance may cause the other parts of the machine to vibrate and also other adjacent machines may vibrate in resonance to this vibration, hence causing an insecure and disturbing working environment. Balancing of the rotor is, therefore, necessary to increase the quality of product, minimize the vibrations, noises, operator annoyance and fatigue, structural stresses and mainly to increase the bearing life and to minimize the power losses. The paper involves the dynamic balancing of the RINL rotor, where in vector diagrams have been drawn to calculate the amount of balancing mass to be added. The graphical and bar chart of each unbalance run have been plotted and analyzed.

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MCC stands for Mobile Cloud Computing which is defined as a combination of mobile computing, cloud computing, and wireless network that come up together purpose such as rich computational resources to mobile users, network operators, as well as to cloud computing providers. Mobile Cloud Computing is meant to make it possible for rich mobile applications to be executed on a different number of mobile devices. In this technology, data processing, and data storage happen outside of mobile devices. Mobile Cloud Computing applications leverage this IT architecture to generate the following advantages: 1) Extended battery life. 2) Improvement in data storage capacity and processing power. 3) Improved synchronization of data due to "store in one place, accessible from anywhere" platform theme. 4) Improved reliability and scalability. 5) Ease of integration. There are two types of applications of mobile cloud computing (MCC) that are almost similar. These are as follows: 1) Mobile Cloud application: It is defined as a model where processing is done in the cloud, and the storage is also in the cloud, and the presentation platform is the mobile device. For this, the internet connection should have to reliable and cell-phone to run a browser. 2) Mobile Web Services: In Mobile Web Services mobile devices consume more network traffic. It may lead to some challenges for web services such as mismatch of resolution and details of desktop computers. The device needs to know about that service and the way it can be accessed to use any web-service so that the mobile device can transmit specific information about the condition of the device and the user.

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Cloud services became Associate in Nursing essential a vicinity of many organizations. Cloud suppliers have to adhere to security and privacy policies to form certain their users' data remains confidential and secure. though there are many efforts on developing cloud security standards, most cloud suppliers are implementing a combination of security and privacy controls. This has a semiconductor device to confusion among cloud customers on what security measures they need to expect from the cloud services, and whether these measures would go along with their security and compliance desires. we have conducted a comprehensive study to review the potential threats featured by cloud customers and have determined the compliance models and security controls that need to be in place to manage the chance. The cloud platform is that the company's new generation of information basic platform, Associate in Nursing it's associate important support for driving the company's IT and information resource construction. This paper proposes a security protection framework model at intervals the cloud environment, combined with the power cloud platform framework, vogue power protection framework system applicable to electric power firms elaborated the key technologies and system style of security protection at intervals the cloud surroundings. Finally, supported the power cloud platform style, the feasibility and reliability of cloud platform security protection was verified. Finally, summarize the paper and illustrate further work.

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The term "drone" usually refers to any unpiloted aircraft. Sometimes referred to as "Unmanned Aerial Vehicles" (UAVS), these crafts can carry out an impressive range of tasks, ranging from military operations to package delivery. The drone we design is equipped with a mobile stun gun, which can be used for crime control, defence, and security operations. This drone can be operated by a single pilot in a station by using a First-Person View (FPV) camera. This drone is equipped with a sophisticated stun gun which stuns the target sufficient to immobilize them. This enables police officials and other security personnel to ensure high level and a longer range of security and crime reduction. This drone will revolutionize the efficiency of security and defence departments.

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Pneumonia is a life-threatening infectious disease affecting one or both lungs in humans commonly caused by bacteria called Streptococcus pneumonia. The COVID-19 can cause severe pneumonia and is estimated to have a high impact on the healthcare system. Early diagnosis is crucial for correct treatment in order to possibly reduce the stress in the healthcare system. Pneumonia has caused significant deaths worldwide, and it is a challenging task to detect many lung diseases such as like atelectasis, cardiomegaly, lung cancer, etc., often due to limited professional radiologists in hospital settings. The standard image diagnosis tests for pneumonia are chest X-ray (CXR) and computed tomography (CT) scan. Although CT scan is the gold standard, CXR are still useful because it is cheaper, faster and more widespread. Chest X-Rays which are used to diagnose pneumonia need expert radiotherapists for evaluation. Thus, developing an automatic system for detecting pneumonia would be beneficial and it can save lots of people’s life and help stopping and curing and control for treating the disease without any delay particularly in remote areas. Due to the success of deep learning algorithms in analyzing medical images, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have gained much attention for disease classification. In addition, features learned by pre-trained CNN models on large-scale datasets are much useful in image classification tasks. In this work, we appraise the functionality of pre-trained CNN models utilized as feature-extractors followed by different classifiers for the classification of abnormal and normal chest X-Rays. We analytically determine the optimal CNN model for the purpose. Statistical results obtained demonstrates that retrained CNN models employed along with supervised classifier algorithms can be very beneficial in analyzing chest X-ray images, specifically to detect Pneumonia. This study aims to identify pneumonia caused from other types and also healthy lungs using only X-Ray images. The model’s performance in pneumonia detection shows that the proposed model could effectively classify normal and abnormal X-rays in practice, hence reducing the burden of radiologists.

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The demand of multi-story Building is increases day by day. The purpose of building is mandatory things to design a building. The building may be residential or residential plus commercial. The new trend introduced the use of different types of slabs and structural engineers have the big challenge to work on it. The use of advanced slabs in building predominantly for the need of large span. The large span is needed for Flat slab, Waffle slabs & ribbed slab stands as a better & effective option for architects under the building required larger spans. The benefit is it covered least possible number of columns. Therefore, it is necessary to study about its structural behaviour. The paper consists of summaries report on different research papers based on use of different types of slabs such as flat slab, waffle slab, ribbed slab concept by different researchers. Some researchers also used the secondary beam with the normal slab to transfer the load of the structure effectively to the column. The review paper concluded that flat slab can be effectively used for the multistorey building. The use of waffle and ribbed can also be used with high rise & tall structure construction due to more resisting moment capacity of the slabs. The use of secondary beam is adopted for large span requirement.

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Concrete is a composite material composed mainly of water, aggregate, and cement. Usually there are additives and reinforcements included to achieve the desired physical properties of the finished material. For solving the disposal of large amount of recycled plastic material, reuse of plastic in concrete industry is considered as the most feasible application. The reuse of material can reduce the normal usage of ingredients in concrete and thereby reduce the cost of construction. This study is focused on the use of thermo setting plastics as a partial replacement of aggregates in concrete. The aim was to investigate the characteristics of concrete with the addition of plastic and comparing it with the control mix, thereby determining the advantages and disadvantages of doing so. One of the methods for manufacturing of such concrete involves reduction of amount of cement in the mix, which added to the reduction the total cement consumption. The use of waste materials also solves the problem of disposing the excessive amount of industrial wastes. Such Concrete is a concrete in which one or more of its constituents are replaced by a resource saving material, which ultimately has reduced environmental impacts in terms of both, resource utilization and pollution impacts together. This paper discusses the importance of such Concrete in the present day context and highlights its merits over conventional concrete which otherwise posing a serious threat to the environment through global warming.

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Concrete is a composite material composed mainly of water, aggregate, and cement. Usually there are additives and reinforcements included to achieve the desired physical properties of the finished material. For solving the disposal of large amount of recycled plastic material, reuse of plastic in concrete industry is considered as the most feasible application. The reuse of material can reduce the normal usage of ingredients in concrete and thereby reduce the cost of construction. This study is focused on the use of thermo setting plastics as a partial replacement of aggregates in concrete. The aim was to investigate the characteristics of concrete with the addition of plastic and comparing it with the control mix, thereby determining the advantages and disadvantages of doing so. One of the methods for manufacturing of such concrete involves reduction of amount of cement in the mix, which added to the reduction the total cement consumption. The use of waste materials also solves the problem of disposing the excessive amount of industrial wastes. Such Concrete is a concrete in which one or more of its constituents are replaced by a resource saving material, which ultimately has reduced environmental impacts in terms of both, resource utilization and pollution impacts together. This paper discusses the importance of such Concrete in the present day context and highlights its merits over conventional concrete which otherwise posing a serious threat to the environment through global warming. . In this phosphor-gypsum is added to a 5%, 10% & 15% by partial replacement of cement. It is proposed to replace the aggregates partially with thermosetting plastics on the basis of percentage by weight such as 5%, 10%, and 15%. The fresh concrete is tested for slump test and the compaction factor test, while the hardened concrete for compressive, tensile, flexural strength and durability.

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In this project Zero costing has been prepared and analyzed on a road construction project. In construction industry any project starts with making budget for it, the preliminary budget prepared is made as per the previous experience and consider cost incur roughly and in most of the time the cost in budget are very arbitrary taken as per previous experience. The Initial budget prepared is having high potential to vary in total cost by up to 20% if made by highly experienced professional. It directly means if things go wrong in budget, it directly impacts the profitability of the Project. Zero costing is something which is made from a scratch and not by doing many assumptions. to prepare a zero budget for construction project following need to be first available in place; BOQ prepared as per the final drawings and specification for Project. Rate Analysis for each and every activity from scratch i.e. - no assumption. Complete detailing of Overhead costs which will incur during project till completion. Staff Salaries- base on exact figures of payment. Material Rates. In Zero costing there are no cost are added directly without back calculations of it. All cost need to be justified in order to added into budget. In Zero costing when every expenses added together in summary sheet, we can make a profitability analysis for the construction project. It also helps in tracking project and ensuring cost of construction never exceed the budgeted amount.

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In view of the nature of RERs and the hybrid method (PSO-MFO) proposed to interact with the optimal reactive power dispatch issue, this study addresses the ORPD problem. The primary aim of the issue of reactive power dispatch is to reduce the actual loss of power and regulate the bus voltages in the power grid. Power methods are generally used to produce and supply information systems that are required to absorb limited resources while maintaining better reliability and safety. The hybrid approach also reduce the deviation in the voltage level and provides the proper VAR compensation which enhances the current stage of the PN. The RPD conducted on the IEEE bus 30 by examining the various control variables or obtain the best promising results as compare to base approach.

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Online Discussion Forum is a platform where students can start a conversation with their peers & teachers in the form of posts. Other members can voluntarily respond to these posts via Asynchronous discussion which allows them to read and respond “out-of-time.” Which means, not every member of the forum has to be logged on at the same time for the discussion to proceed unlike platforms like Zoom & Google Meet. Our study found that participation in online discussion forums has a positive impact on student’s academic & social growth. Hence, our work focuses on providing for students with fewer resources or students with introverted personalities, the ability to engage in discussions with their peers as well as their teachers in order to get accurate information about their college activities with an option of an anonymous environment. Our emphasis is on building a Community Question Answering (CQA) based web application that will enable students to access particular information/resources with an optional anonymous environment with the assistance of other students as well teachers to find appropriate information/resources in order to achieve cognitive and social growth using efficient development tools for developing a user friendly and fully responsive platform that is compatible with all modern devices while using cloud services for safely storing all of user data.

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A smart stick has been designed and realized for providing alert based assistance to the visually impaired and blind people for walking at the outdoor streets or at indoor house. The proposed smart blind stick has some exclusive additional features apart from its collision avoidance assistance feature, such as its low cost, fast response, low power consumption, lightweight, water indication, etc. The smart blind stick uses an ultrasonic sensor to identify the obstacles in front of the blind people and alert him/her via buzzer sound as well as mechanical vibration in order to avoid the obstacle; the smart stick is not only capable of detecting solid obstacles, but also it can alert the user when it detects the presence of water on the way by using appropriate water sensing arrangement. Rigorous performance evaluation of the prototype have been done by repetitive experiments for optimizing its accuracy of performance under numerous situations; in average the maximum achievable range of detecting the obstacles are found to be around 2 meters.

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Waterlogging and salinity have become major issues in Nawabshah. Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote sensing (RS) methods were very helpful in mapping and representing regions of waterlogging and salt-affected soils. Various data sets derived from satellite data were employed to carry out this investigation. This study also utilized index-based techniques that combined remote sensing data with GIS. Salinity and waterlogging were identified using images band ratios with predetermined combinations of several spectral parameters. Salinity Index 1 (SI1) and NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) were used to generate satellite image-based induces to determine the right pattern of soil salinity. The influence of waterlogging and salinity on agricultural fields was investigated in this study. Data from Landsat 5TM from several years was used for this purpose. In addition to using remote sensing data Landsat 5TM 2009 and 2011 images for this purpose, find salinity and waterlogging affected areas in nawabshah's Pakistan where approximately 0.7% and 11% are waterlogged and unproductive lands, and the size of salt-affected areas is increasing, posing a threat to agricultural sustainability. The maps and research approaches may also be utilized for a more in-depth investigation of any location with the same problem using specified criteria.

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Reinforcement concrete structure frame system widely used around the world. In building structure, structure element is generally taken as Beam, column, foundation. The dead & live load is transferred from beam to column, column to footing then ultimately load distributed into the soil. The wall load is taken by beam. In building design, we mentioned the whole wall on the beam is possible, if it is not possible, we taken concealed beam into the slab below the wall. During the analysis of frame structure, we consider wall as non-structural element. But including walls in the structure analysis is play important role. This study deals with the examination of the impact of infill in structure and their behavior in structure. In present situation high rise building constructed with the various type of infill wall materials. Some of them generally use for example red brick, AAC wall, Hollow concrete block, lightweight Aluminum & Steel panels. So, three types of models are created on ETABS software. In this study 9 storey high rise building is designed in ETABS with taking 3 infill materials like Fly Ash brick, AAC block and Hollow concrete block taken for study which on the most critical earthquake zone IV analysis (Dynamic) is done using ETABS, soil properties assumed medium and importance factor is taken 1.2. The all three infill wall models compare with the basic design parameter like moment, shear force, displacement. The all three models that I passed under seismic loading helped me to reach the conclusion on how all three models perform in the case of seismic loading. And by comparing the percentage growth in the displacement and storey drift we can decide the most efficient building. Because the AAC block has the lowest density hence it should have the least moment generated compared to other bricks almost 20-30 percent difference is expected. And the model with Strut member should have least deflection compared to other models. The difference of 15-20 percent is expected at least.

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Increasing world population and natural resource limitations has led to a growing demand for more efficient structural systems to achieve a sustainable economy and society. Cold-formed steel CFS) Structural systems are increasingly adopted as primary or secondary structural members in modern building construction because of their light weight, speed of construction, recyclability, and sustainability. The pre-engineered steel building system construction has great advantages to the single storey buildings, practical and efficient alternative to conventional buildings, the System representing one central model within multiple disciplines. Pre-engineered building creates and maintains in real time multidimensional, data rich views through a project support is currently being implemented by packages for design and engineering. In this research work we will design Industry using analysis tool SAP 2000 and use Novel cold formed steel structure and compare it with general steel available in Indian market. Here we will compare both in terms of strength and weight of structure with bolted and welded connections.

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Smart farming permits to examine the development of plants and to impact the boundaries of our framework progressively to enhance plant development and backing the rancher in his action. Internet of Things plans, in light of the application specific sensors information estimations and wise handling, are spanning the openings between the digital and actual universes. In this paper, we propose the plan and the examination of a savvy cultivating framework in view of an insightful stage which empowers forecast capacities utilizing man-made reasoning (AI) methods. This framework depends on the innovation of remote sensor organizations and its execution requires three fundamental stages, I) information assortment stage utilizing sensors conveyed in a rural field, ii) information cleaning and capacity stage, and iii) prescient handling utilizing some AI techniques.

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Mobile devices are more present in our everyday lives than ever before and as such have also become an important factor in modern travel behaviour. This will enable effective way for the customers to book their destination more conveniently. The aim of this study is to identify how users can benefit from an enhanced on the go travel experience and how companies can explore yet widely untapped opportunities by examining current travel patterns of international traveller's and challenging industry experts with the findings. System will book the destination and store the data into the database. The System also contains a Machine Learning based chat-bot, Language Translator. User here will register him/herself with all its details and the details will be uploaded into the system, which will be further used by the system during the booking.

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Recommender systems are Nowadays heavily used by some e-commerce websites. It has become a serious business tool. This led to a big change in the world of e-commerce. Many of the most important commerce websites are already using recommender systems to help their customers find products to shop for. A recommender system learns from a customer and recommends products that he/she's visiting find Most worthy from among the available products. during this paper, we present a symbol of how recommender systems help E-commerce sites increase sales, and analyse five sites that use recommender systems including several sites that use over one recommender system. supported the examples, we create a taxonomy of recommender systems, including the interfaces they present to customers, analysing the behaviour of consumers over different products, the technologies used to create the recommendations, and also the inputs they need from customers. We conclude with ideas for fresh applications of recommender systems to E-commerce.

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Hard turning is a machining process used to machine materials with hardness of 45 HRC and more. The process is able to provide a very precise surface finish for grinding operations, with small cost. Hard milling operations are performed in a similar fashion. Both machining techniques are very popular these days because of the wide variety of tool materials that can be used. A number of researchers have worked on by considering parameters like tool wear, lifetime of tool, change in their structure, formation of white layer, fatigue strength etc of hard milled surfaces. This paper presents the techniques used, with their outcomes in terms of above defined parameters along with conclusion.

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In recent years, there has been a growing interest in fabricated structures and composite materials that either mimic known material responses or qualitatively have new, physically realizable response functions that do not occur or may not be readily available in nature. During the past ten years, a great interest in the research of metamaterials has been observed. Metamaterials are artificially invented materials that show properties that are not detected in naturally occurring materials. Metamaterials exhibit negative permittivity and/or negative permeability. This paper presents a review of different types of metamaterials, their unique properties, and their advantages.

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Concrete is a composite material composed mainly of water, aggregate, and cement. Usually there are additives and reinforcements included to achieve the desired physical properties of the finished material. For solving the disposal of large amount of recycled plastic material, reuse of plastic in concrete industry is considered as the most feasible application. The reuse of material can reduce the normal usage of ingredients in concrete and thereby reduce the cost of construction. This study is focused on the use of thermo setting plastics as a partial replacement of aggregates in concrete. The aim was to investigate the characteristics of concrete with the addition of plastic and comparing it with the control mix, thereby determining the advantages and disadvantages of doing so. One of the methods for manufacturing of such concrete involves reduction of amount of cement in the mix, which added to the reduction the total cement consumption. The use of waste materials also solves the problem of disposing the excessive amount of industrial wastes. Such Concrete is a concrete in which one or more of its constituents are replaced by a resource saving material, which ultimately has reduced environmental impacts in terms of both, resource utilization and pollution impacts together. This paper discusses the importance of such Concrete in the present day context and highlights its merits over conventional concrete which otherwise posing a serious threat to the environment through global warming.

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Concrete is a composite material composed mainly of water, aggregate, and cement. Usually there are additives and reinforcements included to achieve the desired physical properties of the finished material. For solving the disposal of large amount of recycled plastic material, reuse of plastic in concrete industry is considered as the most feasible application. The reuse of material can reduce the normal usage of ingredients in concrete and thereby reduce the cost of construction. This study is focused on the use of thermo setting plastics as a partial replacement of aggregates in concrete. The aim was to investigate the characteristics of concrete with the addition of plastic and comparing it with the control mix, thereby determining the advantages and disadvantages of doing so. One of the methods for manufacturing of such concrete involves reduction of amount of cement in the mix, which added to the reduction the total cement consumption. The use of waste materials also solves the problem of disposing the excessive amount of industrial wastes. Such Concrete is a concrete in which one or more of its constituents are replaced by a resource saving material, which ultimately has reduced environmental impacts in terms of both, resource utilization and pollution impacts together. This paper discusses the importance of such Concrete in the present day context and highlights its merits over conventional concrete which otherwise posing a serious threat to the environment through global warming.

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The plastic waste are non-biodegradable materials. So, Plastic Waste pollute our environment. The plastic wastes have proved in worldwide its affects in human life. Plastic Wastes is a big nuisance in our today’s life. So, this plastic waste should be reused and decrease the rate of plastic waste. One such reused can be in the road construction. The plastic waste can be used in Road construction it gives a good strength and durability in all sessions. Plastic paver blocks give a good strength waste is find out into the ground. The Paving block casted with Proper mix proportion and cured in the water tank. After the curing, compressive strength test and water absorption test are conducted and results are note down. The use of innovative technology in the road construction it also increased road life as well as help to improve the environment and also creating a new source of income.

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PCMs are divided mainly into organic and inorganic materials [9,10,11]. Many researchers have described about PCMs and their types, Researchers have found that organic PCMs properties and characteristics are more advantageous than inorganic PCMs. Organic PCMs having high latent heat, low volume change, less corrosive, high chemical stability, high thermal stability than inorganic PCMs. In recent times, studies of PCMs are more attractive in the respect of their melting point temperature as useful for thermal energy storage. The melting point is main criteria in the selection of PCMs according to different type of applications. Some researchers have investigated the addition of PCM in different cold storage systems and units in order to enhance food quality and, to reduce electricity consumption during storage and transportation [ref]. Also several applications for thermal protection of biomedical products (such as organs and blood) during transport and storage have been studied over the years [ref]. In these applications the PCM are normally encapsulated in containers, hence the interest remains in designing a light weight, high conductive, non-corrossive, and low cost container.

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