Advanced Graphene-Based Devices for Enhanced Bio-Sensing: Theoretical Insights and Experimental Developments

Graphene, a groundbreaking two-dimensional nanomaterial, has garnered significant attention in biosensor technology due to its exceptional electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties. This paper explores the theoretical and experimental development of graphene-based devices for advanced biosensing applications. Density Functional Theory (DFT) investigated the interactions between pristine, doped, and functionalized graphene and various biomarkers, providing critical insights into electronic structures, adsorption energies, and charge transfer kinetics. These findings informed the design of high-performance biosensors with enhanced sensitivity and specificity. Experimentally, graphene derivatives such as graphene oxide and functionalized graphene were synthesized and optimized for incorporation into electrochemical and chemo-resistive sensor platforms. These sensors demonstrated remarkable performance, including ultralow detection limits, high specificity, and robust stability across diverse applications, from environmental monitoring to healthcare diagnostics. Detection of heavy metals, glutathione, and lactate showcased their versatility. The study addresses key challenges in biosensor technology, such as scalability, reproducibility, and environmental adaptability, bridging the gap between computational modeling and real-world applications. Future advancements are proposed, including integration with artificial intelligence for real-time data analysis and multiplex sensing capabilities. This work positions graphene as a pivotal material for next-generation biosensors with transformative implications for global health and sustainability.