Geopolymer-Based Materials as Alternatives to Portland Cement in Construction

Portland cement, the backbone of modern construction, contributes ap-proximately 8% to global CO2 emissions due to its energy-intensive production. Geopolymer-based materials, synthesized from aluminosilicate precursors and alkali activators, present a sustainable alternative with comparable mechanical properties and a signicantly reduced environmental foot-print. This paper investigates the composition, synthesis, mechanical performance, durability, and environmental bene ts of geopolymer concrete compared to Portland cement concrete. Experimental results demonstrate that geopolymer concrete achieves compressive strengths of up to 50 MPa at 28 days, suitable for structural applications, while reducing carbon emissions by 50–60%. Challenges such as precursor variability, alkali activator availability, and standardization are analyzed, alongside case studies and future research directions to promote geopolymer adoption in construction.