Gestational Diabetes and Maternal Health: A Nutritional and Physiological Perspective on Risks, Outcomes, and Management

Glucose intolerance initially identified during pregnancy is the primary cause of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a rapidly expanding global health issue associated with severe problems for both mothers and newborns. Current research on the physiological and dietary elements affecting the onset, course, and treatment of GD is summarized in this review. It emphasizes how important low glycemic index meals, weight control, macronutrient balance, and micronutrient adequacy are in regulating maternal glycemia. The molecular significance of physiological factors like insulin resistance and pregnancy-related hormonal changes in the beginning of GD are investigated. Risks for both short- and long-term health include preeclampsia, preterm birth, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and the requirement for customized dietary therapy, and lifestyle changes as needed. Furthermore, focus is placed on how maternal hyperglycemia affects prenatal programming and the offspring's later risk of metabolic disorders. Along with the socioeconomic obstacles preventing appropriate care, the review also examines new research topics such as genetic therapies and continuous glucose monitoring. This review promotes proactive, evidence-based strategies to lessen the burden of GDM and protect maternal and child health across generations through an understanding of dietary and physiological factors.