Mapping Waterlogging and Salinity Using Satellite Data and Geographical Information System (GIS) A Case Study of Nawabshah City Sindh Pakistan

Waterlogging and salinity have become major issues in Nawabshah. Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote sensing (RS) methods were very helpful in mapping and representing regions of waterlogging and salt-affected soils. Various data sets derived from satellite data were employed to carry out this investigation. This study also utilized index-based techniques that combined remote sensing data with GIS. Salinity and waterlogging were identified using images band ratios with predetermined combinations of several spectral parameters. Salinity Index 1 (SI1) and NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) were used to generate satellite image-based induces to determine the right pattern of soil salinity. The influence of waterlogging and salinity on agricultural fields was investigated in this study. Data from Landsat 5TM from several years was used for this purpose. In addition to using remote sensing data Landsat 5TM 2009 and 2011 images for this purpose, find salinity and waterlogging affected areas in nawabshah's Pakistan where approximately 0.7% and 11% are waterlogged and unproductive lands, and the size of salt-affected areas is increasing, posing a threat to agricultural sustainability. The maps and research approaches may also be utilized for a more in-depth investigation of any location with the same problem using specified criteria.