Self Purification of River Betwa

The self-purification ability of a resurgence stream has been investigated by taking samples along the course of a channeled tract made up of a first part at (3.3 km) and a second at concrete (7.2 km). The study has been conducted by statistically processing pre-existent data, acquired monthly by analyzing waters at the beginning and at the end of the whole river for 6 months, and by performing specific experiments (recent data) to evaluate differently the self-purification capacity of the river betwa. A significant abatement of concentrations has been observed from historicdata for ammonium, phosphates, turbidity, heavy metals and bacteria. From the recent data, all these parameters seem to decrease in the beaten soil tract. For other parameters, e.g. pH, dissolved oxygen, chlorides, fluorides, sodium, and sulfates, a significant increase was observed fromthe historic data. Generalizations presented in this paper represent, in systematized form, the basic elements of the qualitative theory of water self-purification in freshwater ecosystems. Recommendations are given for maintaining water quality and sustainable development of water resources. Water pollution caused by organic matter is a major global problem which requires continuous evaluation. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to assess spatial and temporal changes caused by natural and anthropogenic phenomena along Betwa River. Cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied to a data set collected throughout a period of 6 months, which monitored physical, chemical and biological parameters. Content of dissolved oxygen in water and biochemical oxygen demand in a watercourse are indicators of pollution caused by organic matter. The mean water temperature of 23.6 oC at the time of this case study which was one of the coldest periods in the year placed the DO saturation pointat 8.58mg/L. At higher temperatures which at times go above 30 oC, the DO at saturation is expected to be lower than 8.58 mg/L. If we see the different parameters, the pH value is decreasing as the mason is raining as the velocity of the river increases. From all the 3 stations we found the pH level is low at the 3rd station i.e. 7.015 in summer and 5.121 in rainy season. It means the river is becoming less acidic when we move toward 1st to 3rd station. Apart from DO all the values are getting decrease when we move toward 1st to 3rd station but DO value get increase more in rainy then summer. All the values are given in table 1a. The k2 values ranged from 0.11/day to 0.30/day. All the k2 values were observed to be below 0.34/day, and the further details are given in the table 1b. The f values range from 0.7 to 2.2. Based on FAIR’S table of values for f = k2 / k1, the lower value of 0.7 corresponds to the value for sluggish stream of poor reaeration potential whereas the higher value of 2.2 shows flowing streams of normal velocity possessing moderate reaeration potential. We observed that variation in the depth, flow of the river addition of organic waste near station C with f value 0.7 might havebeen the cause of increase in deoxygenation rate, and the further details are given in the table 1c.