The distance relay is widely used in power protection system, especially in the transmission line in order to measure the distance of line protection, and to determine the fault within the protected line. Mostly Power swing is caused by the large disturbances, and it causes wrong operation of the distance relay, and also undesired tripping of the circuit breaker. In order to prevent mal-operation of distance relay during a power swing, so the main objective of this analysis for discrimination of faults and power swing in the system network to avoid the cascading outage and power system instability. The power system network and their schemes with their associated controllers are modeled using PSCAD/EMTDC software.

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AISI 316 are being widely used in industry it has been initially designed for paper mill machinery. However, AISI 316 are considered very difficult to machine material due to tendency to work harden. These result in reducing tool life and tool performance. Although in the past, many studies had been carried out to predict the tool performance during machining, the effect of process parameters is taken in this research to influence of below mention parameter when AISI 316, machining trials will be performed on milling machine. Cutting conditions will be selected using design of experiment and analysis by Finite element analysis. . The main objective of industries reveal with producing better quality product at minimum cost and increase productivity.

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During the last three decades, great strides have been taken in improving the performance of concrete as a construction material. Fly Ash and Silica Fume are indispensable in production of high strength concrete for practical application. The use of fly ash and silica fume as a pozzolana has increased worldwide attention over the recent years because when properly used as certain percent, they can enhance various properties of concrete both in the fresh as well as in hardened states like cohesiveness, strength, permeability and durability.

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In a wireless sensor network, it is necessary to have control over the network topology to increase the lifetime and scalability. The aim of the project is to create a multi-layer structured wireless sensor network to enhance the lifetime and scalability of the same. The architecture is based on hierarchical clustering. The architecture is for homogeneous wireless sensor network. A cluster is fixed for each layer and the information or data of that entire layer is aggregated to the cluster head and then to the cluster head of the next layer and so on if there are other layers and finally to the base station. Cluster head is determined by the weight of the sensor node using the number of the neighboring nodes and the distance from the base station. The comparison of result with other hierarchical based existing protocol like LEACH and SEP can also be done with the proposed protocol.

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For light duty construction work, generally mini hydraulic backhoe excavators are used and mostly there are soil surfaces for excavation. So, design of backhoe excavator is critical task in context of digging force developed through actuators during the digging operation. The important criteria for the design to be safe is that, the digging forces developed by actuators must be greater than that of the resistive forces offered by the surface to be excavated. The two important factors considered during designing an excavator arm are productivity and fuel consumption. As the present mechanism used in excavator arm is subjected to crushing and bending stresses during lifting and digging operation respectively, because of which failure occurs frequently at the bucket end of the arm. So, the new mechanism of excavator arm is designed and the Pro-e software is used for making the 3D model of the excavator arm linkage. By using ANSYS workbench software static analysis of each of the excavator arm component is done at existing digging force and also at newly calculated digging force. Also the bucket volume is increased to compensate for the loss in production due to the reduction in digging force. Increased in bucket volume will also increase the amount material to be fed in the bucket. So, dynamic analysis is also done by applying the force acting when the bucket is fully filled with material. The comparison of proposed model with the existing model is done.

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Construction productivity trends carry immense consequences for the economy as a whole. Job site Productivity is one of the most important factors affecting the overall performance of any organization whether large or small organization. The study assess the factors that affect job-site productivity in consideration on recruitment policy, types of training and factors that affect quality of workers and their contribution to the various organizations surveyed. This is done through the self-administration of structured questionnaires to elicit information from the respondents using convenience sampling method. Jobsite productivity is mainly concerned with the labour. The continuous productivity improvement process help the management to identify the productivity inhibitors affecting site labour in order to reduce or eliminate these issues, and to measure improvements. Job-site productivity is influenced by many factors such as labour related factors, management related factors, efficiency, project related factors, resource factors. Questionnaire was prepared for engineers, contractors and the survey has been carried out . Survey design will gives a quantitative description of phenomenon such as trends, attitudes, or opinion. From the collected data it is concluded that the project related factors (79%), labour related factors had a strong impact on improving productivity whereas the factors such as management related factors (67%), resource related factors (62%) and efficiency factors (48%) affects the growth of productivity. So these factors are to be improved to enhance the growth of productivity in construction.

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The proposed framework procures the Finger-vein and low-determination finger impression pictures. The utility of low-determination unique mark pictures gained from an infrared is analyzed to determine the matching execution from such pictures. The vein and surface pictures are preprocessed independently. The characteristics of vein and texture are concentrated by Gabor filter. The characteristics extracted from finger vein pictures are now put away in a database. The characteristics of the texture picture are matched with all the concentrated veins in the database to check whether the information picture is matched with any of the concentrated veins. In the event that the given picture is matched with any of the concentrated veins, the message box will be opened and display’s "vein matched". On the off chance that the information picture is not matched with any of the concentrated veins, the message box will be opened and show "vein not matched". The same is going to rehash for texture images additionally.

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Non-invasive Deep Brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective method for treating the movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor, dystonia, etc. Currently there are many treatments available for treating movement disorders but it may cause many side effects such as memory loss, occurrence of stroke and nerve problems. To overcome those side effects and minimizing the neurosurgical intervention of human, a non-invasive method is proposed for stimulating the deep brain. In this technique, minimum number of nerves which are co-related with hands and legs has been identified for stimulating the deep brain by using dual tree complex wavelet transform (DTCWT). By performing this segmentation process, the region affected by movement disorders are identified and the stimulation process is done by providing a force feed-back signal according to patient health in the form of non-invasive type with the help of physician.

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Numerical prediction of incompressible turbulent flow has been performed on a passenger car body moving with a velocity of 11.11 m/s (40 km/hr). CATIA, 3D modeling software was used to model 3D surface modeling of the car. FLUENT, the computational fluid dynamics code, which in-corporate k-ε turbulence model and segregated implicit solver was used to perform computation. The aerodynamic analysis was performed to study the flow behavior of the air over the car body. The analysis includes the contours of pressure and velocity that impacts the car body followed by an evaluation of the coefficient of lift and drag. In the present work, model of generic passenger car has been developed in CATIA and generated the wind tunnel and applied the boundary conditions in FLUENT platform then after testing and simulation has been performed for the evaluation of drag coefficient for passenger car. In another case, the aerodynamics of the most suitable design of tail plate is introduced and analyzed for the evaluation of drag coefficient for passenger car. The addition of tail plates results in a reduction of the drag-coefficient and lift coefficient in head-on wind. Rounding the edges partially reduces drag in head-on wind but does not bring about the significant improvements in the aerodynamic efficiency of the passenger car with tail plates, it can be obtained. Hence, the drag force can be reduced by using add on devices on vehicle and fuel economy, stability of a passenger car can be improved.

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Internet has become a very important tool in today’s world. It has become the key for all interactions in every field. But unfortunately, evolution to the use of internet to its full extent has been compromise due to the threats to security. In particular, one of the major threat to the Internet is composed of Denial of Service Attacks. A Distributed Denial of Service attack uses many computers to launch a coordinated Denial of Service attack against one or more targets. Therefore a new packet marking scheme, Stack-Pi, has been proposed. In Pi (Path Identifier) approach, a path fingerprint is embedded in each packet, enabling a victim to identify packets traversing the same paths through the Internet on a per packet basis, regardless of source IP address spoofing. This allows the victim to take a proactive role in defending against a DDoS attack by using the Pi mark to alter out packets matching the attackers identifiers on a per packet basis. In Stack-Pi a new packet marking scheme based on Pi, and new filtering mechanisms is used. The Stack-Pi marking scheme consists of two new marking methods that substantially improve Pi’s incremental deployment performance: Stack-based marking and Write-ahead marking. This scheme almost eliminates the effect of a few legacy routers on a path, and performs 24 times better than the original Pi scheme in a sparse deployment of Pi-enabled routers. The project aims at proposing the implementation details and basic algorithms for stack-pi, a defense mechanism for DDoS attack under the presence of few Legacy routers on the path. The attack is modeled in two phases as Training phase and Defense phase.

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Visual cryptography (VC) is numerous applications, including visual authentication and identification, steganography, image encryption and digital watermarking. A new cryptographic scheme proposed for securing color image based on visual cryptography scheme. the watermark method is an excellent technique to protect the original information of a digital image. In exiting system there is work on binary images. we are introduced new system which are using the sharing schemes for dividing color image and apply digital watermarking for security of shares .We are dividing our system into three main phases creation of shares, distribution of shares and construction of secret. since we are identify and prevent cheater participant and block the cheater participant .In this paper, we and show that it is not cheating immune. We also outline an improvement that helps to overcome the problem.

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The goal of Super-Resolution (SR) is to produce a higher resolution image from lower resolution images. High resolution image offers a high pixel density. It does require for high resolution is common in computer vision applications for better performance in model detection and analysis of images. Super resolution techniques are applied on multiple LR images captured from the same scene in order to increase spatial resolution for a new image of that same scene. High resolution is of importance in medical imaging for diagnosis. Many applications require zooming of a specific area of interest in the image where in high resolution becomes essential, e.g. observation, forensic and satellite imaging applications.

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Puppet is developed by Puppet labs, which is founded by Luke Kanies in the year 2005.It is written in ruby and released as free software . In computing, Puppet is an open source configuration management utility. It runs on many Unix-like systems as well as on Microsoft Windows, and includes its own declarative language to describe system configuration. The state of IT infrastructure can be configured and can be automatically enforced to a correct state using Open source puppet. Puppet is the foundation for automation in IT infrastructure. It acts as abstract configuration for infrastructure as same tool can be used for data center as well as software delivery. It also enables collaboration among different project teams.It lets machines do what they are made for and lets human to mange thing in a really efficient way. Managing just few server or thousands machines or virtual machines is tedious job as it's done manually ,puppet automates the tasks of system admin and saves time, so admins deliver greater business values.

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A modern Formula One (F1) Racing Car has almost as much in common with an aircraft as it does with an ordinary road car. Aerodynamics has become a key to success in the sport and teams spend millions of dollars on research and development in the field each year for improving performance. The aerodynamic designer has two primary concerns: 1) the creation of down force, to help push the car’s tyres onto the track and improve cornering forces, 2) to minimise the drag that occurs due to turbulence and acts to slow down the car. In this project, various features of the car will be enhanced to make the whole car more aerodynamically efficient, by designing and modifying and the different parts of the car-body chassis, and analysing the corresponding flow-field at different velocities and Angle of Attacks (AOA) using Ansys CFX software. The enhanced model will be made aerodynamically efficient by considering the contours of velocity, pressure, and streamlines.

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During the experimental durations various signals are to be sampled and acquired at various speeds ranging from 5 Sps to 100 MSps. This generates a huge amount of data throughput for the data acquisition systems of these facilities. It creates challenges for the data management system. To reduce the generation of such huge amount of data, event based diagnostic system is required.The Aim of the paper is to give the exploration about Red Pitaya – Open source hardware which can be used to fulfill the requirement of external event triggered based data acquisition.

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The success of communication network has largely been a result of adopting a layered architecture. With this architecture, its design and implementation is divided into simpler modules that are separately designed and implemented and then interconnected. However, the layered structures in the existing networks are designed in layers, where protocols operate independently at each layer of the network stack. This approach provides flexibility with a modular design and standardization, but it may result in severe performance degradation when these protocols do not cooperate well. This is usually the case of wireless multihop networks, where noise and interference at lower layers affect the routing and congestion control performed at upper layers. Wireless links are unreliable and wireless nodes usually rely on random access mechanism to access wireless channel. Thus, the performance of link layer is not guaranteed, which will result in performance problems for the whole network. So, we need cross-layer design in order to improve the performance and achieve the capacity of wireless multihop networks. In this paper, we are using XPRESS, a cross-layer backpressure architecture designed to reach the capacity of wireless multihop networks. Instead of a collection of poorly coordinated wireless routers, XPRESS turns a mesh network into a wireless switch where packet routing and scheduling decisions are made by a backpressure scheduler. XPRESS is composed of a central controller, which performs backpressure scheduling based on the measured wireless network state, and also of the wireless nodes, which periodically provide the network measurements and execute the computed schedule using a cross-layer protocol stack. Transmissions over the network are scheduled using a throughput-optimal backpressure algorithm.

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In parallel communication the cost as well as complexity of the system increases due to simultaneous transmission of data bits on multiple wires. Serial communication overcomes this drawback and emerges as effective way in many applications for long distance communication as it reduces the signal distortion because of its simple structure. This paper focuses on the Verilog implementation of UART with status register which supports asynchronous serial communication. The paper presents the architecture of UART which indicates, during reception of data, different types of errors like parity error, framing error, overrun error and break error using status register. The whole design is functionally verified using Xilinx ISE Simulator.

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Now a day’s use of cloud computing infrastructures is increased. Cloud provides solution to save the cost of query services as it provides the advantages of scalability and cost saving. But some data owner hesitates to store the sensitive data on the cloud as the service providers are curious i. e. they are untrusted. Data owner wants to ensure privacy of query and confidentiality of data when they wish to move to the cloud. A secured query service is nothing but it should provide processing of query efficiently with the reduced workload of in house infrastructure to utilize advantages of cloud computing. For protected data in the cloud there is needed to provide efficient and secure query processing. RASP data perturbation method achieves this by combining random noise injection and order preserving encryption. RASP data perturbation is used to provide secure and efficient knn and range query services.

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Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are narrow-band light sources based on semiconductor material, with wavelengths ranging from the infrared to the ultraviolet. The material that enabled the development of blue LEDs was Gallium Nitride. Gallium Nitride is a semiconductor of the III-V class. GaN can be doped, with silicon to n-type and with magnesium to p-type. The development of efficient blue LEDs also required the production of GaN based alloys with different compositions and their integration into multilayer structures such as heterojunctions and quantum wells. For GaN based light-emitting diodes is reviewed. There are two broad developments in GaN-based LED technology: Ist, the key breakthroughs that enabled the development of GaN-based devices on foreign substrates like sapphire , and, IInd, a new wave of devices benefiting from developments in GaN substrate manufacturing, which has GaN based LEDs with unprecedented performance characteristics that portend a disruptive shift in LED output power density and the corresponding cost of generating light. The invention of efficient blue LEDs has led to white light sources for illumination. By coating a blue LED with a phosphor material a portion of the blue light can be converted to yellow, green, and red light. This mixture of colored light will be perceived by humans as white light and can therefore be used for general application.

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The purpose of this paper is how to design the shell and tube heat exchanger which is the majority type of liquid –to- liquid heat exchanger. Heat transfer area and pressure drops and checking whether the assumed design satisfies all requirement or not. General design considerations and design procedure are also illustrated in this paper. Excel sheet is used for Trial calculation. TEMA Standards and Kern method is used for design of shell and tube Heat Exchanger.

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This paper introduces the implementation of conventional multistage inverter into single-stage grid-tie buck-boost photovoltaic inverter topology for domestic purposes where Buck-boost and inversions are takes place in single stage only. Instead of using transformer here we will use special energy conversion device called Coupled Inductor. And this topology has a low component count with only three power switches, while conventional PV inverters may require four to five switches in two-stage power conversions for the same functions. And also it has numerous desirable features such as low cost, smaller size, simple control scheme and good efficiency. Switching of inverter circuit will be done by combination of sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) and square wave signal under grid synchronization condition. To regulate the inverter’s instantaneous ac output voltage, a closed-loop SPWM control technique is used to stabilize the output and to regulate the inverter’s instantaneous ac output voltage. The proposed model design is mathematically modeled in MATLAB or PSIM. Simulation results are presented to verify the viability of proposed inverter for grid connected photovoltaic application and shows the capability of the inverter to feed a sinusoidal current to the utility grid at wide range of input photovoltaic dc voltage.

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A cellular system where mobile terminals transmit in the uplink to base stations (BSs) using single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), to consider multi cell processing among BSs. Received signals are first quantized on a per-subcarrier basis and then forwarded to the serving BS on a backhaul with limited rate. With the aim of maximizing the network throughput, a) design an efficient composite signal representation and b) propose a rate allocation algorithm for the backhaul. Using a closed-form expression of the achievable throughput in the presence of quantization noise, an iterative greedy algorithm for the backhaul rate allocation is developed, where at each iteration the selection of signal to be exchanged as the one providing the maximum network throughput increase per backhaul bit. In order to determine how many quantization bits are used for each received signal, consider either a static bit allocation with a fixed number of bits, or a dynamic bit allocation (which ensures a predetermined network percentage throughput loss with respect to the unquantized case). In an LTE scenario, it is seen that the proposed bit allocation methods flexibly adapt to channel and backhaul conditions and yield similar performance, hence the static approach is preferred due to its lower complexity.

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Proving ownership rights on outsourced relational databases has become an important issue in today’s internet-based environments and in many content distribution applications. In this paper, we present a technique for proof of ownership based on the secure embedding of a robust imperceptible watermark in relational data. We formulate the watermarking of relational databases as an optimization problem and discuss efficient techniques to solve the optimization problem and to handle the constraints. Our watermarking technique is resilient to different watermark attacks because it uses a partitioning approach that does not require marker tuples. Our method overcomes weaknesses that are present in previously proposed watermarking techniques. Watermark decoding is based on mean of partitions and the bits decoded using majority voting algorithm. We implemented the conceptual algorithm of our watermarking technique and showed by experimental results that our technique is resilient to tuple deletion, alteration, and insertion attacks.

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In biometrics, human being needs to be identified based on some characteristic physiological parameters. A wide variety of recognition schemes is used to either confirm or determine the identity of an individual requesting their services. In this work, we present various approaches to generate a unique and more secure cryptographic key from iris template. The iris images are processed to produce iris template or code to be utilized for the encryption and decryption tasks a fuzzy vault refers to a biometric cryptosystem that can be used to effectively protect private keys and to release them only when legitimate users enter their biometric data. Distance metric such as hamming distance is used for the template matching identification process. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the various systems and it shows that, R-S cryptographic algorithm can obtain a higher security with a low false rejection or false acceptance rate comparing to other techniques, and we would like to introduce this technique in aadhar card.

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In this work, an experimental work is carried out on single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. Dimethyl ether (DME) is used as an additive with diesel in different percentage (5%,10%,& 15%). DME [CH3O CH3] is mostly commonly produced from natural gas. Also DME has a high cetane number and superior vaporization quality compare with diesel. So it is suitable to use in diesel engine for better performance of engine. For this experiment, Taguchi method is used for optimization. For this optimization, parameters are taken as % of DME, Injection pressure and Load. Injection pressure taken as 160bar, 180bar, 200bar &220bar. Load is taken as 1kg,4kg, 7kg & 10kg. After an experiment, taguchi gives optimum result for lowest CO, HC & NOx Emissions. CO & HC increases & NOx emission decreases with % of DME increases. There is a little effect of injection pressure on CO emission. HC increases with injection pressure increases. NOx emission decreases with increasing injection pressure.

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